Thomas Gainsborough was born in Suffolk, England, in 1727. Thanks to the good fortune of having a wealthy cloth merchant as a father, he was able to go to London at the age of 13 and develop his great artistic talent.
In London he received lessons from the French engraver Hubert-François Gravelot and the painter Francis Hayman at St. Martin's Academy. French Rococo and Dutch landscape painting had the greatest influence on the young artist and his work, especially the works of Jacob van Ruisdael.
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At the age of only 19, Thomas Gainsborough secretly married Margaret Burr, an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. This helped him to achieve financial independence that his painting had not previously been able to bring him, since he was still mainly concerned with landscapes, which were hardly popular with the English public.
The young couple moved from London to Ipswich, also in Suffolk, and Thomas Gainsborough began to portray the local gentry in a way he had learned from his teacher Hayman, who had long worked as a stage painter. He painted full-length portraits of his clients, which he placed against the background of their respective possessions and properties.
In 1759 the Gainsborough family, which now had two daughters, moved to the fashionable seaside resort of Bath, where they resided in the elegant Circus row of townhomes. He was introduced to high society by the officer and writer Philip Thicknesse, who was notorious for being eccentric, and Gainsborough soon became the resort town's preferred portraitist.
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He was one of the founding members of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1768. This was the beginning of a rivalry with established London portrait painter and Royal Academy president Joshua Reynolds, which intensified when Gainsborough moved to London full-time six years later.
One point of contention, for example, was whether the color blue could be used extensively in the heart of a painting. Reynolds was clearly against it. Gainsborough disagreed and created The Blue Boy, a portrait of young Jonathan Buttall, son of a hardware store owner, to prove the contrary. Today, The Blue Boy is one of Gainsborough's best-known works and is frequently cited in literature and film.
In the following years in London, Gainsborough became the favorite painter of the Royal Family. In 1782 he was commissioned by Queen Charlotte to paint a series of fifteen oval portraits of the royal couple and their thirteen children.
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After falling out with the Royal Academy in general and with Joshua Reynolds in particular, Gainsborough turned his back on the institution's exhibitions and held his own at his London home.
This was followed by a short, mature phase in the painter's work called his "fancy pictures," a term coined by Reynolds for Gainsborough's works. They showed scenes of everyday life, often of children or women, and depicted people of all classes in rural settings. Here he returned to the style of the old masters, with emphasis on landscape details, which Gainsborough had been enthusiastic about from an early age.
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Thomas Gainsborough died in London on August 2, 1788. However, the landscape paintings, with which he had little success during his lifetime, were to have a great influence on this genre in the 19th century in terms of precise observation and implementation of lighting conditions.
Today, his works hang in the world's most prestigious institutions, from the National Gallery in London to the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Royal Collection. His works, when they come onto the auction market, also sell for millions. His current record was set in 2011 with the $10.4 million sale of Portrait of Mrs. William Villebois at Christie's.
